This paper is intended to build on CDS’s analytical report of September 2022 “The Evolution of Russia’s Genocide Against the Ukrainian People”1 by focusing on mechanisms of accountability. Specifically, it describes Ukrainian and international efforts to date to recognise and ensure justice for the crime of genocide, and additionally describes efforts to recognise and ensure justice for the underlaying crime of aggression. In doing so the paper clarifies some common misunderstandings about the two distinct international crimes.